A discriminating microscopy technique for the measurement of ice crystals and air bubbles size distribution in sorbets

24ième Congrès International du Froid ICR 2015, Yokohama, JPN, 16-/08/2015 - 22/08/2015International audienceIn this work, a technique capable to distinguish between ice crystals and air bubbles in sorbets was developed in order to characterize the effect of operating conditions on their size distributions at the exit of the freezer. A pilot freezer was used to crystallize and aerate a commercial lemon sorbet mix. Crystals and bubbles sizes were measured using a light microscope technique under low temperature in a refrigerated glove box developed in the lab for that purpose. Results showed that the developed microscope technique allowed to distinguish them and to quantify their size distributions. Measurements showed that ice crystals size decreases with air flow rate while air bubbles size increases. The latter also increases with the cylinder pressure inside the scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE)

Myiase scrotale chez l’enfant : à propos d’un cas

No Abstrac

Water-condition effects on rhizobia competition for cowpea nodule occupancy

Two indigenous bradyrhizobia strains displaying different natural behaviours towards water regime (strain ORS 3257, nodulating more frequently in favourable-water conditions and strain ORS 3260, in limited-water conditions) were studied for their competitivity for nodulation of cowpea (Mouridecultivar) under favourable and limited water conditions in non-sterile soil. The nodule occupancy was studied by PCR-RFLP analysis. Both strains showed good competition with other indigenous rhizobia populations under favourable- and limited-water conditions. Competition between the inoculatedstrains in the mixture varied between water regimes. In non-limited-water conditions, strain ORS 3257 was the best competitor, whereas in limited-water conditions, strain ORS 3260 was the best competitor. Results indicated that screening of strains according to their environmental origin could ensuresuccessful rhizobia inoculatio

Senna occidentalis L., une plante prometteuse dans la lutte contre Caryedon serratus Ol. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), insecte ravageur des stocks d’arachide au Sénégal

Dans la perspective de concevoir une stratégie de protection intégrée des nuisibles associés aux produits post-récolte au Sénégal, la bioactivité des extraits et huile essentielle de Senna occidentalis L. sur les oeufs et adultes de Caryedon serratus (Ol.), a été étudiée. Les extraits bruts (éthéré et méthanolique) et fractions d’extrait (hexane, acétate d’éthyle, méthanol) ont été appliqués sur l’insecteà 0,1 ; 0,01 et 0,001 g/ml. Les principaux résultats révèlent que S. occidentalis L. affectent significativement la survie des stades traités, selon sa concentration et sa polarité. L’extrait éthéré et la fraction hexanique provoquent 79,17% de mortalité embryonnaire en C1, tandis que la fraction méthanolique tue 39,58% des oeufs en C1. Les produits polaires (extrait et fraction méthanoliques) provoquent respectivement 69,92 ± 2,87% et 72,01 ± 6,86%de mortalités d’adulte. Par contre, ceux apolaires (éthéré et hexanique) tuent respectivement en moyenne 30,41 ± 1,74% et 27,9 ± 0,34% des adultes. L’activité adulticide de l’huile essentielle augmente avec la concentration (91,67% pour 3 ml/l et 30,56% pour 1 ml/l). Cette bioactivité s’exprime aussi par un déséquilibre du sex-ratio en faveur de mâles, une modification du cycle de développement, une fécondité réduite de 67,2% pour la fraction acétate et une fertilité limitée.Mots clés : Caryedon serratus, arachide, Senna occidentalis, plantes biocides

Oral rehydration therapies in Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone: A spatial analysis of changes over time and implications for policy

Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a simple intervention that can prevent childhood deaths from severe diarrhea and dehydration. In a previous study, we mapped the use of ORS treatment subnationally and found that ORS coverage increased over time, while the use of home-made alternatives or recommended home fluids (RHF) decreased, in many countries. These patterns were particularly striking within Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone. It was unclear, however, whether ORS replaced RHF in these locations or if children were left untreated, and if these patterns were associated with health policy changes.Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from household surveys to map the percentage of children with diarrhea that received (1) any ORS, (2) only RHF, or (3) no oral rehydration treatment between 2000 and 2018. This approach allowed examination of whether RHF was replaced with ORS before and after interventions, policies, and external events that may have impacted healthcare access.Results: We found that RHF was replaced with ORS in most Sierra Leone districts, except those most impacted by the Ebola outbreak. In addition, RHF was replaced in northern but not in southern Mali, and RHF was not replaced anywhere in Senegal. In Senegal, there was no statistical evidence that a national policy promoting ORS use was associated with increases in coverage. In Sierra Leone, ORS coverage increased following a national policy change that abolished health costs for children.Conclusions: Children in parts of Mali and Senegal have been left behind during ORS scale-up. Improved messaging on effective diarrhea treatment and/or increased ORS access such as through reducing treatment costs may be needed to prevent child deaths in these areas

Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield and yield related traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under different water regimes in Niger and Senegal

Yield under drought stress is a highly complex trait with large influence to even a minor fluctuation in the environmental conditions. Genomics-assisted breeding holds great promise for improving such complex traits more efficiently in less time, but requires markers associated with the trait of interest. In this context, a recombinant inbred line mapping population (TAG 24 × ICGV 86031) was used to identify markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield and yield related traits at two important locations of West Africa under well watered and water stress conditions. Among the traits analyzed under WS condition, the harvest index (HI) and the haulm yield (HYLD) were positively correlated with the pod yield (PYLD) and showed intermediate broad sense heritability. QTL analysis using phenotyping and genotyping data resulted in identification of 52 QTLs. These QTLs had low phenotypic variance (<12 %) for all the nine traits namely plant height, primary branching, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, percentage of sound mature kernels, 100 kernel weight, shelling percentage, HI, HYLD and PYLD. Interestingly, few QTLs identified in this study were also overlapped with previously reported QTLs detected for drought tolerance related traits identified earlier in Indian environmental conditions using the same mapping population. Accumulating these many small-effect QTLs into a single genetic background is nearly impossible through marker-assisted backcrossing and even marker-assisted recurrent selection. Under such circumstances, the deployment of genomic selection is the most appropriate approach for improving such complex traits with more precision and in less time